www.makinemekanik.com

Solar radiation is the primary natural energy source of the Earth.

 Solar radiation mainly emanates as electromagnetic radiation from the surface of the sun (photosphere). It is originated by several nuclear fusion processes in the interior of the sun. The solar irradiance incident on a given plane on the earth’s surface is determined by:

• sun-earth astronomy

        (Physical (radiative) properties of the sun, sun-earth distance)

• solar geometry

       (latitude, declination, solar time, azimuth and tilt angle of     receiving surface) 

• extinction processes in the atmosphere

(absorption and scattering by air molecules, water vapour, air mass)

available radiant flux at the surface (direct, diffuse)

Fundamentals of Solar Radiation

• Sun is a sphere comprised of layers of gases that radiates energy to the solar system at an equivalent blackbody temperature of 5760 K

• Generally accepted that energy generation is a H2 to He thermonuclear reaction

 • 1.5 x 10¹⁷  kWh falls on the land of earth, but only small fraction of this can be used

A heat pump is an electrical device that extracts heat from one place and transfers it to another. The heat pump is not a new technology; it has been used around the world for decades. Refrigerators and air conditioners are both common examples of heat pumps.

Heat pumps transfer heat by circulating a substance called a refrigerant through a cycle of alternating evaporation and condensation. A compressor pumps the refrigerant between two heat exchanger coils. In one coil, the refrigerant is evaporated at low pressure and absorbs heat from its surroundings. The refrigerant is then compressed en route to the other coil, where it condenses at high pressure. At this point, it releases the heat it absorbed earlier in the cycle.

The air-source heat pump, which absorbs heat from the outdoor air in winter and “dumps house” heat into outdoor air in summer. However, ground-source heat pumps (also called earth-energy systems), which draw heat from the ground or ground water, are becoming more widely used.

Four-stroke cycle

Automobile engines are spoken of as four-cycle engines. This is a shortening of the correct name, four-stroke cycle. A stroke is one complete down or one complete up movement of the piston. There are two downstrokes and two upstrokes to a cycle for the internal combustion engine of this design. A cycle is a round of events, which occurs in a certain fixed order. There are four events in the automobile-engine cycle. These four events correspond to the four strokes. Thus we have the name, the four-stroke cycle, or the shortened and more used term, the four-cycle engine.On the first stroke of any cycle within an engine, the first event or operation is the drawing in of air and fuel through the carburetor. This occurs on the downstroke of the piston. The second operation is compressing or squeezing together of the fuel charge drawn in on the first downstroke. The compressing of the fuel occurs on the first upstroke of the piston. The fuel is fired at the end of this stroke, and the third event or operation is under way.The piston is forced downward on the second downstroke. On the second upstroke, it drives the burned gases before it, and they pass out of the cylinder. The order, then, of the four strokes of the cycle is this: First downstroke, intake; first upstroke, compression; second downstroke, power ; second upstroke, exhaust. The cycles occur as follows: Intake, compression, power, exhaust, again and again.

Belli basınç ve sıcaklık altında, belli pişirme süresi içinde ham kauçuğun kimyasal reaksiyon sonucunda fizyolojik şekil değiştirmesine vulkanize denir. Konveyör sisteminde kullanılan tekstil veye çelik kordlu bantların birbirlerine eklenmesinde bu yöntem kullanılır. Ülkemizde, en uzun bant konveyör sistemine sahip Afşin Elbistan Linyitleri İşletme Müdürlüğü Vulkanize Başmühendisliğinde bu yöntem uygulanmaktadır. 

A valve is a device that regulates the flow of substances (either gases, fluidized solids, slurries, or liquids) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are technically pipe fittings, but usually are discussed separately.

Valves are used in a variety of applications including industrial, military, commercial, residential, transportation. Plumbing valves are the most obvious in everyday life, but many more are used.

Some valves are driven by pressure only, they are mainly used for safety purposes in steam engines and domestic heating or cooking appliances. Others are used in a controlled way, like in Otto cycle engines driven by a camshaft, where they play a major role in engine cycle control.

Biogas is a combustible gas produced by the anaerobic fermentation of organic material, e.g. animal manure, human excreta, kitchen remains, straws and leaves through the action of micro-organisms.

Türkiyenin en büyük linyit rezervine sahip afşin elbistan havzasında, enerji sorunu yaşadığımız bu günlerde, çalışmaların yoğun bir şekilde devam ettiği A.E.L. işletme müdürlüğü enerjide kan ihtiyacını karşılamaya devam ediyor. Yetişkin işçi kadrosu, seçkin mühendisleriyle türkiyenin en büyük açık maden sahası olma özelliğini koruyor.